Perle

Les perles sont de petites billes blanches créées par certains mollusques, principalement les huîtres. Quand un objet irritant passe à l'intérieur de la coquille, l'animal réagit en entourant l'objet d'une couche de carbonate de calcium CaCO3 sous la forme d'aragonite ou de calcite. Ce mélange est appelé nacre.

Autrefois uniquement obtenues par le hasard, les perles font aujourd'hui l'objet d'une culture (perliculture). Elle a été mise au point par les Japonais du début du XXe siècle aux années 1970. Depuis, le secret de leur technique s'est répandu dans tout les archipels de l'océan Pacifique, et la Polynésie française est le principal producteur.

Joaillerie
Les perles sont utilisées pour confectionner des bijoux depuis l'Antiquité ; elles étaient appelées les larmes d'Aphrodite. Les familles romaines qui en avaient les moyens achetaient à leur filles une ou deux perles chaque année, afin qu'elles aient un collier complet à leur majorité.

Elles doivent leur brillance iridescente (proche de l'arc-en-ciel) à la réflexion et à la réfraction des couches superficielles translucides de nacre. La brillance est d'autant plus fine que les couches sont plus fines et nombreuses.

Les perles sont souvent blanches, parfois avec une teinte crème ou rose, mais peuvent être teintées en jaune, vert, bleu, marron ou noir. Les perles noires sont très chères car très rares ; leur production augmente toutefois sensiblement, notamment en provenance de Polynésie.

La valeur des perles est déterminée par leur brillance, leur couleur, leur taille, et leur symétrie. La brillance est le plus important des critères pour juger de la qualité d'une perle, surtout pour les joailliers, mais plus la perle est grosse, plus elle se vend cher. Les grosses perles parfaitement rondes sont très rares, et très recherchées pour des colliers à plusieurs rangs.

Les perles sont divisées en huit formes de base : rondes, semi-rondes, bouton, larme, poire, ovale, baroque (irrégulière), et baguée. Les perles parfaitement rondes sont les plus rares et les plus chères, et montées sur des colliers, ou de simples rangs de perles. Les perles en forme de larmes sont plus utilisées en pendants (d'oreilles ou de cou) ; les perles irrégulières sont le plus souvent utilisées dans des colliers ou des pièces de joaillerie où la forme irrégulière peut être cachée, et laisser croire à une perle parfaitement ronde. Les perles bouton sont légèrement aplaties autour de la perle, et peuvent être utilisées pour des colliers, ou pour des pendants ou des boucles d'oreille, où la partie arrière de la boucle est cachée, ce qui permet de laisser croire à une perle plus grosse et ronde. Les perles en larme et en poire sont utilisées dans les boucles d'oreille, ou comme perle centrale du collier. Les perles baroques, totalement irrégulières, ont parfois une forme intéressante qui permet de les monter en collier. Les perles baguées sont caractérisées par les arêtes concentriques autour du corps de la perle.

Les perles sont pesées en grains ; un grain de joaillier vaut 0,05 grammes (avant la Révolution française, 0,053 grammes). Il y a 75 grains dans un momme (3,75 grammes).

Culture des perles
Les premiers essais de culture des perles sont anciens : les Chinois introduisaient des statuettes de Bouddha dans les huîtres en guise de nucleus. Le Suédois Carl von Linné et un Français font des essais, mais ce sont les Japonais To Kichi Nishikawa, Tatsuhei Mise et surtout Kokichi Mikimoto (1858-1954) qui réussissent à mettre la technique au point, et en font une industrie.


Beaucoup d'huîtres meurent après la greffe : environ dix pour cent immédiatement, et dix pour cent dans les deux ans. Un tiers des huîtres rejettent le nucléus et la nacre sécrétée par le greffon forme alors un keshi (graine de pavot en japonais), une sorte de perle manquée. Un cinquième des huîtres greffées produisent une perle inutilisable. Sur les trente pour cent de greffons donnant une perle utilisable, seul un pour cent font des perles parfaites.

Dans certaines variétés d'huîtres, on pose un noyau contre la coquille : c'est le mabé, une demi-perle enchassée dans de la nacre. C'est Coco Chanel qui rendit ces mabés « populaires », montés en boucles d'oreille.

À Rome

Saturnales
Dans la Rome antique, les citoyens fêtaient les Saturnales : d'abord du 17 au 21 décembre, puis plus tard du 17 au 24 décembre, les hommes et les femmes portaient des guirlandes autour du cou et s'offraient toutes sortes de cadeaux. Les gens sacrifiaient aussi symboliquement un mannequin représentant un jeune homme, pensant ainsi transmettre la vitalité du personnage à la nouvelle année.
La fête des sigillaires, « ancêtre » de la Saint Sylvestre, concluait les festivités à la fin du mois de décembre. Pendant ce temps de bascule vers l'an neuf, les gens s'offraient des menus cadeaux de terre cuite, les esclaves devenaient les maîtres et inversement.

Sol Invictus
À partir du règne d'Aurélien (270-275), les Romains fêtent officiellement le Sol Invictus (Soleil invaincu) au moment du solstice d'hiver qui commençait la nouvelle année, annoncée par le rallongement des jours. Ce culte reprend des aspects de la mythologie d'Apollon et du culte de Mithra venu de Perse, s'est répandu au IVe et IIIe siècles av. J.-C. et se concluait par le sacrifice d'un taureau, le Sol Invictus correspondant à la naissance du jeune dieu solaire, qui était censé surgir d'un rocher ou d'une grotte sous la forme d'un enfant nouveau-né.

Winnie-the-Pooh

Winnie-the-Pooh, commonly shortened to Pooh and once referred to as Edward Bear, is a bear created by A. A. Milne. The character first appeared in the children's books Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also included several poems about Winnie-the-Pooh in the children’s poetry books When We Were Very Young and Now We Are Six. All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard.
The hyphens in the character's name were later dropped when The Walt Disney Company adapted the Pooh stories into a series of Winnie the Pooh featurettes that became one of the company's most successful franchises worldwide.
The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages, notably including Alexander Lenard's Latin translation, Winnie ille Pu, which was first published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the first foreign-language book to be featured on the New York Times Bestseller List, and is the only book in Latin ever to have been featured therein.

Fuel and propulsion technologies

See also: Alternative fuel vehicle
Most automobiles in use today are propelled by gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel internal combustion engines, which are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming.[18] Increasing costs of oil-based fuels and tightening environmental law and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for automobiles. Efforts to improve or replace these technologies include hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles.

Diesel
Diesel engined cars have long been popular in Europe with the first models being introduced in the 1930s by Mercedes Benz and Citroen. The main benefit of Diesels are a 50% fuel burn efficiency compared with 27%[19] in the best gasoline engines. A down side of the diesel is the presence in the exhaust gases of fine soot particulates and manufacturers are now starting to fit filters to remove these. Many diesel powered cars can also run with little or no modifications on 100% biodiesel.

Gasoline
Gasoline engines have the advantage over diesel in being lighter and able to work at higher rotational speeds and they are the usual choice for fitting in high performance sports cars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over a hundred years has produced improvements in efficiency and reduced pollution. The carburetor was used on nearly all road car engines until the 1980s but it was long realised better control of the fuel/air mixture could be achieved with fuel injection. Indirect fuel injection was first used in aircraft engines from 1909, in racing car engines from the 1930s, and road cars from the late 1950s.[19] Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is now starting to appear in production vehicles such as the 2007 BMW MINI. Exhaust gases are also cleaned up by fitting a catalytic converter into the exhaust system. Clean air legislation in many of the car industries most important markets has made both catalysts and fuel injection virtually universal fittings. Most modern gasoline engines are also capable of running with up to 15% ethanol mixed into the gasoline - older vehicles may have seals and hoses that can be harmed by ethanol. With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. 100% ethanol is used in some parts of the world (such as Brazil), but vehicles must be started on pure gasoline and switched over to ethanol once the engine is running. Most gasoline engined cars can also run on LPG with the addition of an LPG tank for fuel storage and carburetion modifications to add an LPG mixer. LPG produces fewer toxic emissions and is a popular fuel for fork lift trucks that have to operate inside buildings.

Ethanol
Ethanol and other alcohol fuels have widespread use an automotive fuel. Most alcohols have less energy per liter than gasoline and are usually blended with gasoline. Alcohols are used for a variety of reasons - to increase octane, to improve emissions and as an alternative to petroleum based fuel, since they can be made from agricultural crops. Brazil's ethanol program provides about 20% of the nations automotive fuel needs, including several million cars that operate on pure ethanol.

Electric
Main articles: Battery electric vehicle, Hybrid vehicle, and Plug-in hybrid

The Henney Kilowatt, the first modern (transistor-controlled) electric car.

2007 Tesla electric powered Roadster
The first electric cars were built around 1832 well before internal combustion powered cars appeared.[20] For a period of time electrics were considered superior due to the silent nature of electric motors compared to the very loud noise of the gasoline engine. This advantage was removed with Hiram Percy Maxim's invention of the muffler in 1897. Thereafter internal combustion powered cars had two critical advantages: 1) long range and 2) high specific energy (far lower weight of petrol fuel versus weight of batteries). The building of battery electric vehicles that could rival internal combustion models had to wait for the introduction of modern semiconductor controls and improved batteries. Because they can deliver a high torque at low revolutions electric cars do not require such a complex drive train and transmission as internal combustion powered cars. Some post-2000 electric car designs such as the Venturi Fétish are able to accelerate from 0-60 mph (96 km/h) in 4.0 seconds with a top speed around 130 mph (210 km/h). Others have a range of 250 miles (400 km) on the EPA highway cycle requiring 3-1/2 hours to completely charge[21]. Equivalent fuel efficiency to internal combustion is not well defined but some press reports give it at around 135 mpg(1.74 l/100 km).

Steam
Main article: steam car
Steam power, usually using an oil or gas heated boiler, was also in use until the 1930s but had the major disadvantage of being unable to power the car until boiler pressure was available. It has the advantage of being able to produce very low emissions as the combustion process can be carefully controlled. Its disadvantages include poor heat efficiency and extensive requirements for electric auxiliaries.[22]

Gas turbine
In the 1950s there was a brief interest in using gas turbine (jet) engines and several makers including Rover and Chrysler produced prototypes. In spite of the power units being very compact, high fuel consumption, severe delay in throttle response, and lack of engine braking meant no cars reached production.

Rotary (Wankel) engines
Rotary Wankel engines were introduced into road cars by NSU with the Ro 80 and later were seen in several Mazda models. In spite of their impressive smoothness, poor reliability and fuel economy led to them largely disappearing. Mazda, beginning with the RX-2, has continued research on these engines, overcoming most of the earlier problems with the RX-7 and RX-8.

Rocket and jet cars
A rocket car holds the record in drag racing. However, the very fastest cars are used for the Land Speed Record, and are propelled by propulsive jets emitted from rocket, turbojet, or more recently and most successfully turbofan engines. The ThrustSSC car using two Rolls-Royce Spey turbofans with reheat was able to exceed the speed of sound at ground level.

Star

This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see Star (disambiguation).

The Pleiades, an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Taurus. NASA photo

Look up Star inWiktionary, the free dictionary.
A star is a massive, luminous ball of plasma. Stars group together to form galaxies, and they dominate the visible universe. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on Earth, including daylight. Other stars are visible in the night sky, when they are not outshone by the Sun. A star shines because nuclear fusion in its core releases energy which traverses the star's interior and then radiates into outer space. Almost all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created inside the cores of stars.
Astronomers can determine the mass, age, chemical composition and many other properties of a star by observing its spectrum, luminosity and motion through space. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star that are determined by its evolutionary history include the diameter, rotation, movement and temperature. A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities, known as a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R diagram), allows the current age and evolutionary state of a particular star to be determined.
A star begins as a collapsing cloud of material that is composed primarily of hydrogen along with some helium and heavier trace elements. Once the stellar core is sufficiently dense, some of the hydrogen is steadily converted into helium through the process of nuclear fusion. The remainder of the star's interior carries energy away from the core through a combination of radiative and convective processes. These processes keep the star from collapsing upon itself and the energy generates a stellar wind at the surface and radiation into outer space.[1]
Once the hydrogen fuel at the core is exhausted, those stars having at least 0.4 times the mass of the Sun[2] expand to become a red giant, fusing heavier elements at the core, or in shells around the core. The star then evolves into a degenerate form, recycling a portion of the matter into the interstellar environment, where it will form a new generation of stars with a higher proportion of heavy elements.[3]
Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound, and generally move around each other in stable orbits. When two such stars have a relatively close orbit, their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution.

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H i s t o r y B a r b i e

Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara at play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.
During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli.[1] The adult-figured Lilli doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Die Bild-Zeitung. Lilli was a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.
Upon her return to the United States, Handler reworked the design of the doll (with help from engineer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler's daughter Barbara. The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York on March 9, 1959. This date is also used as Barbie's official birthday. Mattel acquired the rights to the Bild Lilli doll in 1964 and production of Lilli was stopped. The first Barbie doll wore a black and white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was available as either a blonde or brunette. The doll was marketed as a "Teen-age Fashion Model," with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers. Around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production.
Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance, and early market research showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll's chest, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, most notably in 1971 when the doll's eyes were adjusted to look forwards rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model.
Barbie was one of the first toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely by other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.[2]
The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately 1/6th scale, which is also known as playscale.[3] Barbie products include not only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a huge range of Barbie branded goods such as books, fashion items and video games. Barbie has appeared in a series of animated films and makes a brief guest appearance in the 1999 film Toy Story 2.
Almost uniquely for a toy fashion doll, Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1974 a section of Times Square in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week, while in 1985 the artist Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie.[4][5]

Sushi

In Japanese cuisine, sushi (寿司, 鮨, 鮓, sushi?) is a food made of vinegared rice, usually topped with other ingredients including fish (cooked or uncooked) and vegetables. Sushi as an English word has come to refer to a complete dish with rice and toppings; this is the sense used in this article. The original word Japanese: 寿司 sushi, written in kanji, means "snack" and refers to the rice, but not fish or other toppings. Outside of Japan, sushi is sometimes misunderstood to mean the raw fish by itself, or even any fresh raw-seafood dishes.In Japan, sliced raw fish alone is called sashimi and is distinct from sushi.There are various types of sushi: sushi served rolled inside nori (dried and pressed layer sheets of seaweed or alga) called makizushi (巻き) or rolls; sushi made with toppings laid with hand-formed clumps of rice called nigirizushi (にぎり); toppings stuffed into a small pouch of fried tofu called inarizushi; and toppings served scattered over a bowl of sushi rice called chirashi-zushi (ちらし).
History
The basic idea in the preparation of sushi is the preservation and fermentation of fish with salt and rice, a process that has been traced back to China, and Southeast Asia where fish and rice fermentation dishes still exist today. The science behind the fermentation of fish in rice is that the vinegar produced from the fermenting rice breaks the fish down into amino acids. This results into one of the five basic tastes, called umami in Japanese. The oldest form of sushi in Japan, Narezushi still very closely resembles this process. In Japan, Narezushi evolved into Oshizushi and ultimately Edomae nigirizushi, which is what the world today knows as "sushi".Modern Japanese sushi has little resemblance to the traditional lacto-fermented rice dish. Originally, when the fermented fish was taken out of the rice, only the fish was consumed and the fermented rice was discarded. The strong-tasting and -smelling funazushi, a kind of narezushi made near Lake Biwa in Japan, resembles the traditional fermented dish.Beginning in the Muromachi period (1336–1573) of Japan, vinegar was added to the mixture for better taste and for preservation. The vinegar accentuated the rice's sourness, and was known to increase its life span, allowing the fermentation process to be shortened and eventually abandoned. In the following centuries, sushi in Osaka evolved into oshi-zushi, the seafood and the rice were pressed using wooden (usually bamboo) molds. By the mid 18th century, this form of sushi had reached Edo (contemporary Tokyo). The contemporary version, internationally known as "sushi," was invented by Hanaya Yohei (華屋与兵衛; 1799–1858) at the end of Edo period in Edo. The sushi invented by Hanaya was an early form of fast food that was not fermented, (therefore prepared quickly) and could be eaten with one's hands roadside or in a theatre. Originally, this sushi was known as Edomae zushi, because it used freshly-caught fish in the Edo-mae (Edo Bay or Tokyo Bay). Though the fish used in modern sushi no longer usually come from Tokyo bay, it is still formally known as Edomae nigirizushi.
Types of sushi
The common ingredient across all the different kinds of sushi is sushi rice (known as shari in Japanese). The variety in sushi arises from the different fillings and toppings, condiments, and the way these ingredients are put together. The same ingredients may be assembled in a traditional or a contemporary way, creating a very different final result.Nigiri-zushi
Nigiri-zushi (握り寿司, lit. hand-formed sushi). The most typical form of sushi in restaurants. It consists of an oblong mound of sushi rice that is pressed between the palms of the hands, with a speck of wasabi and a slice of topping called neta draped over it. This is possibly bound with a thin band of nori, and is often served in pairs.Gunkan-maki (軍艦巻, lit. warship roll). A special type of nigiri-zushi: an oval, hand-formed clump of sushi rice that has a strip of "nori" wrapped around its perimeter to form a vessel that is filled in with topping(s). The topping is typically some soft, loose or fine-chopped ingredient that requires the confinement of nori such as roe, natto, oysters, and quail eggs. Gunkan-maki was invented at the Ginza Kyubey (Kubei) restaurant in 1931;[6][7] its invention significantly expanded the repertoire of soft toppings used in sushi.

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ก็เมื่อใกล้จบประถม 6 ขึ้น มัธยม นิยามของคำๆ นี้ ก็ยังไม่มีทีท่าว่าจะสิ้นสุด มันกว้างออกไปเรื่อยๆ จนทำให้ฉัน ต้องตีกรอบกับคำๆ นี้ ไว้ ฉันอยากให้ใครซักคนมาช่วยนิยามคำๆ นี้ให้ฉันได้เข้าใจ
แต่ฉันก็คิดว่า เพื่อน ไม่จำเป็นต้องมีคำๆ ใดมานิยามให้สวยหรู
เพราะมัน... มีความหมายในตัวมันเองอยู่แล้ว... สายลมจะยังคงพัดต่อไป อย่างไม่สิ้นสุด และไม่มีจุดหมาย พัดพาเอาความสุขมาและ หอบเอาความทุกข์จากเราไป

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ตะลูบ(ชาวบน-นครราชสีมา), ม่องโคล้ง(กะเหรี่ยง-กาญจนบุรี), มอดเลส่ามอเกล(กะเหรี่ยง- แม่ฮ่องสอน), อำเบียล(เขมรขสุรินทร์),มะขามแมว, มะขามกะดาน

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ใช้ใบ 1 กำมือ ต้มกับน้ำ 2-3 แก้ว ให้เดือดนาน 10-15 นาทีใช้ล้างแผลเรื้อรังหรือแผลจากฝีนอกจากทำให้แผลสะอาดแล้วยังช่วยให้แผลหายเร็ว

KiM HeEcHuL

Real Name : Kim Hee Chul

Name : Hee Chul .. or .. Cinderella

Date of Birth : 1983.07.10

Blood Type : AB

TV Series MBC : Nonstop 6 (2005)KBS : Sharp Love 2 (2005)SBS : Bad Family (2006)DJ : In Youngs Radio credit >>(parfait) SuperJuniorThailandClubBox DL silvergal1004>Nonstop 6 Rainbow Romance>Bad Family>Super Junior Show100 Q By HeeChulName : Kim HeechulBirthday : July 10thSchool : Myungduk kindergartenResidency: Kanggaedong sungil ApartmentsFamily : Very closePersonality : I don't care about other peopleGood Qualities : I never bother peopleBad Qualities : People say I have not enough interest in peopleHobibies : Watching horror movies the dark, bothering random thingsReligion : Atheist. I only believe what I see.Height : 150mm [obviously he's joking]Weight : 4tonsBloodtype : AB. The universal receiver~!Shoe Size : Too lazy to go lookFavorite Genre of music : Anything that's not R&B but I really like RockFavorite Singers : Jo Sungmo, Hide, Malice Mizer, Dir en GreyFavorite Season : Antumn, cause its not too hot and hot too coldFavorite Food : Fried rice with KimchiPlace I want to go : SpaceMy ideal : I don't have an ideal typeMy worries as of now : Should I pop this pimple unper my lip of should alone.First Love : Before I came on this Earth. So, no first love.Alcohol Tolerance : 4 bottles.Drinking Habits : I buy people whatever they want,and I cry when I drink alone.Most important friends : No such thing. All my friends are importantPrized Possesion : 1:Me. 2:Me 3: Me as well 4.HeheWhen I look the best : WheneverWhen I look sexiest : When I'm wearing pajamas...too sexy>_ Red,Pink,BlackThing you want from your significant other : CD, or a cell phone accessoryAge you want to get married : Not thinking of getting marriedWhat you do when you're home alone : turn on the music snd go on the computerHabits : I alway blow away my bangs or shake my head to the side to move them away from my eye.Highest placement in school : 5th place in my grade, I was always at least in the top 10.Difference between men and women : Women can wear skirt and pants. But if a man wore a skirt he'd be hearing more than an 'idiot' from people.If you were born again, man or woman : MeWhat you think you were in your previous life : A dollIf the person you loved cheated on you :Thank god I don't have someone I loveFavorite at Noraebang ; Lee Seunghwan’s You to You, Dir en Grey’s Zan. I do the laugh at the beginning all the way to the screaming. What you want to do when it rains : Not get hit by it If you were on a deserted island what you take : Why the hell would I want to go to a deserted island.How many kids : I’m not planning to get marriedWho do you want to see the most right now : high school friendsFavorite snacks : Biyoddae, PandoleeAllowance : Whatever I needFavorite restaurants : Niko Niko, when I have a lot of money I go to MiyojenTo be dumped or do you dump : I don’t knowWhy did you write the answer to the question above : Cause I don’t know.What I want right now : A genie inside a lampWhen do you think you’ve grown up : I don’t. I think it’s Peter Pan Complex? I don’t want to grow up >_ it. When I fell happy : Whenever. As long as I’m breathing.Most recent movie watched : Shrek 2. I saw it twice and it was still funnyMovie watched with the most feeling : Battle Royale, TaegukkiCould you marry someone else for the person you loved : WHAT?What you want to do for the person you love : Show them some of my charm…maybe that wouldn’t look good with me I want to die when : I get ‘Rice cake Eating Yongman’ wrong (ß I cried when I read that.) Life is so funYou think you’re a player : I’m too lazy to be oneIf you found 100k in the road : it’d be heavyWhen you were most hurt : when I was 9 or 10 and the math problems were so easy I solved them quickly and the teacher told me that I copied. I think that’s when I started becoming the way I am now. I hate guys that : make me care about their businessI hate girls that : as long as they mind their own business it’s fineIf you were to become invisible : what kind of question is this?When someone makes you mad: I keep it to myself and make sure I pay them back with the same thing. Favorite saying : I’m me. You’re you. If someone you met for the first time were to ask for you number : I’d ask ‘why’Nicknames : Cinderella, Jerk, AlienFirst thing you do in the morning : Open my eyesJinxes : I don’t have jinxesThe most important thing in the world : MeWhen you were happiest : In high schoolWhen you were saddest : when I look at the sky and the moon and I think of memories. Last thing you want to say : I’m finished! Yeah~!

Discussion

The Cinderella tale is sometimes portrayed as a "rags-to-riches" tale. However, in fact, it is a "riches-to-rags-to-riches" tale; Cinderella, being the daughter of a rich merchant, is at first driven from her rightful patrimony, and the course of the fairy tale restores her to it.[13]
The tale has been interpreted as a psychological "splitting": by having both a dead mother and the all good benefactor, any feelings of resentment can be put onto the evil stepmother. [14]
The idea that "Cinderella" embodies myth elements was explored in The Uses of Enchantment (1989) by Bruno Bettelheim, who made many connections to the principles of Freudian psychology.
As Freudian analyses have come to be viewed as less scientific,[citation needed] mythographers have turned to trying to disentangle different cultural elements from different versions of the Cinderella tale.[citation needed] Each social group, in re-telling "Cinderella", has emphasized or suppressed individual elements and has given them interpretations that are especially relevant within each society. Mythography return to Cinderella for hints of the social ethos embodied in it, and the familiar story proves to be a useful case example for young students beginning to understand how myth works. Thus serious uses come from what appears on the surface to be a trivial wish-fulfilment narrative.
Earlier, less self-consciously instructive Cinderellas have more revealing mythic content.[citation needed]
The term Cinderella has originated from its storybook beginnings to become the name for a variety of female personalities. Some girls are described as a Cinderella if they are meek and immediately submissive to stern orders. Others are called Cinderella if they tend to complain quietly. For example, a girl from a wealthy household who has been ordered to wash the dishes as a fulfilment of her once-a-month chores would be deemed a Cinderella; a fallen princess who has finally met with tough reality.[citation needed]
Cinderella, along with the more general "princess", are shorthand for a particular approach to wedding and Western wedding attire, especially the white dress.[citation needed] A bride with the Cinderella mindset believes that the dress and the occasion exist in order that she may be transformed for the day into a beautiful princess. Detractors of such princess brides argue that the wedding is not solely about the bride; nevertheless, many wedding gown retailers appeal, directly or indirectly, to the Cinderella ideal.
The Cinderella story is much criticised for what many perceive to be a negative, traditionalistic approach to women.[15] From the point of view of these critics Cinderella is oppressed, and does nothing about it; a magical event takes her to a powerful prince who is so taken with her appearance that he chooses her as his consort (it is assumed that she will accede), decorative, but existing only as an adjunct to him. They believe that she has no personality or character of her own; she is simply pretty and good-natured and mindlessly obedient, and advances because of this. Little girls in Western society are told the story: they can infer that if they are obedient and take care of their appearance they will live Happily Ever After.
On the other hand, others claim that the story should be taken on its own merit, to them Cinderella is not meant to be read into and critiqued as some complex academic social manifesto, but to be enjoyed as a fairy tale and its simple powerful message that good can come to decent people.
Going even further, many do not see Cinderella's personality or actions in a negative light. Simply that she has come under criticism because more confrontational headstrong heroines have become perceived as the new ideal of what a women is expected to be in Disney and American culture in general. To them, Cinderella has many admirable qualities, taking a more calm and discreet approach in fulfilling her wishes, and chooses to be kind even to those who mistreat her.[citation needed] In Perrault's own moral, he notes it is not enough to be pretty, but graciousness is what earned Cinderella her happy ending. He goes on to say that her intelligence, kindness, good breeding were not enough alone to assist Cinderella; the Godmother assisted her and the Prince was won over by her because of her graciousness. The reader is to take this lesson when applying the tale.

อ่านหนังสือทายนิสัย

สมมุติว่าเราหยิบหนังสือมาหนึ่งเล่ม หากเราเปิดอ่านแค่คร่าว ๆ โดยไม่ได้ใส่ใจที่จะอ่านรายละเอียดมากนัก แสดงว่าเป็นคนใจร้อน วู่วาม เวลาจะทำงานอะไรก็ จะไม่ค่อยละเอียดถี่ถ้วนนัก จะให้ความสนใจแต่เรื่องหลัก ๆ ไม่มีการวางแผนล่วงหน้า นึกอยากจะทำอะไรก็จะลงมือเลยแบบตามใจตัวเองโดยไม่คิดให้รอบคอบเสียก่อน จึงมักจะมีเรื่องให้ผิดหวังอยู่เสมอ

เปิดอ่านแต่เรื่องที่ตนเองสนใจ แสดงว่าเป็นคนที่มีความเป็นเด็กอยู่ในตัวสูง มักเอาแต่ใจตัวเอง นึกคิดอะไรก็ทำไปอย่างนั้น ไม่ค่อยนึกถึงจิตใจผู้อื่นเท่าใดนัก แต่เป็นคนจิตใจดี ใจกว้าง ชอบ ช่วยเหลือผู้อื่น แต่ด้วยความที่เป็นคนไม่ค่อยมีมนุษยสัมพันธ์เลยทำให้ไม่ค่อยมีคนกล้าเข้าใกล้หรือกล้าเข้ามาทำความรู้จักด้วย

ชอบอ่านทุกหน้าและทุกเรื่อง จะเป็นคนใจกว้าง ยอมรับความคิดหรือสิ่งใหม่ ๆ ได้ง่ายไม่ว่าจะเป็นความคิดของใครก็ตาม เป็นคนที่ให้โอกาสคนอื่นสูง ความสนใจใคร่รู้ในสิ่งต่าง ๆ และทันเหตุการณ์และหากสนใจในเรื่องใด ก็มักจะทุ่มเทให้กับเรื่องนั้นเพื่อให้รู้จริง มีความคิดกว้างไกลมากและมักจะได้รับการยอมรับจากคนรอบข้าง

ชอบออกเสียงเวลาอ่านหนังสือ แสดงให้เห็นถึงการมีใจคอเปิดเผยจริงใจและซื่อสัตย์ต่อทุกคนที่คบด้วยและเป็น คนไว้ใจได้ไม่ค่อยมีพิษมีภัยกับใคร เป็น คนรักสงบ มีชีวิตเรียบง่าย สมถะ รักธรรมชาติ ถึงแม้จะไม่ใช่คนมีภูมิความรู้อะไรมากนักแต่ก็มีความน่านับถืออยู่ในตัว มีโลกส่วนตัวและมีโลกในอุดมคติของตัวเอง

ชอบขีดเส้นข้อความสำคัญเวลาอ่านหนังสือ อุปนิสัยเป็นคนช่างจดจำและค่อนข้างยึดมั่นในตัวเอง สิ่งไหนที่เป็นของตนเองก็ไม่อยากให้ใครมาแย่งไป แต่ก็เป็นคนทำงานเก่งและทำได้ดี เพราะเวลาทำงานมักจะทำอย่างจริงจัง และไม่ชอบเสียเวลากับเรื่องไร้สาระ

ชอบพับขอบหนังสือ เวลาอ่านหนังสือค้างไว้มักจะใช้วิธีพับขอบแทนการใช้ที่คั่นหนังสือ แสดงว่าเป็นคนไม่ค่อยเรียบร้อยนัก แต่เมื่อได้ลงมือทำอะไรก็มักจะทำอย่างจริงจัง หมกมุ่นจนทำสำเร็จ ไม่ค่อยใส่ใจคนรอบข้างนัก ดูเหมือนเป็นคนเห็นแก่ตัวแต่ที่จริงเค้าไม่เก่งเรื่องโฆษณาประชาสัมพันธ์ตัวเองซะมากกว่า ยิ่งเวลามีคนมาขอความช่วยเหลือเค้าก็จะพร้อมจะให้ความร่วมมืออย่างเต็มที่

Description

La pomme est un fruit (en fait, un faux-fruit) charnu, de forme quasi sphérique, déprimée au sommet et à la base, à pulpe homogène (au contraire des poires qui contiennent des cellules sclérifiées ou pierreuses). Certaines variétés anciennes avaient des formes particulières, comme la pomme d'api, plutôt plate et de forme étoilée pentagonale, ou la pigeonnet de Rouen, au contraire très allongée. La lemon pippin anglaise, ancienne pomme à cuire, avait la forme et la couleur d'un citron.
Sa taille est très variable selon les variétés et les conditions de végétation. Sa couleur à maturité, allant du vert « pomme » au rouge plus ou moins foncé en passant par une grande variété d'intermédiaires vert pâle, jaune, orangé ou de couleurs plus ou moins panachées.
Au sommet du fruit (côté opposé à celui de l'insertion du pédoncule), on peut voir les restes des sépales desséchés. En effet, la pomme est issue d'une fleur dite « à ovaire infère et adhérent », c'est-à-dire que le périanthe, comprenant sépales et pétales, se trouve au sommet de l'ovaire et que ce dernier est soudé au réceptacle floral.
Sur le plan botanique, la pomme est un fruit complexe, intermédiaire entre la baie et la drupe. Certains botanistes appellent « piridion » ce type de fruit, typique de la tribu des Maleae.
Dans une coupe transversale, on peut voir au centre, les pépins (les graines) au nombre de deux dans chacune des cinq loges de l'ovaire initial, entourée d'une enveloppe sclérifiée (ce qui rappelle le noyau d'une drupe), l'ensemble étant lui-même entouré d'une pulpe mince, qui correspond au développement de la paroi de l'ovaire. Puis une mince membrane fibreuse marque la séparation avec le réceptacle qui s'est considérablement épaissi pour former l'essentiel de la chair du fruit. En sorte que ce que nous mangeons a en fait la nature d'une induvie, c'est l'enveloppe du fruit, celui-ci constituant le trognon.

Système reproducteur

Il existe différents modes de reproduction : l'oviparité, l'ovoviviparité et la viviparité.Chez les poissons ovipares, après une fécondation généralement externe, la femelle pond ses œufs, et les embryons se développent et éclosent en dehors de son corps. Les embryons sont nourris grâce aux réserves contenues dans l'œuf. Plus de 97 % des espèces connues de poissons sont ovipares[16], dont par exemple les saumons, les poissons rouges, les rhons, les anguilles, etc. Il existe différentes techniques de ponte :abandon des œufs au hasard ; dépôt des œufs dans un nid construit ou un abri naturel ; suspension des œufs à un support ; dépôt puis mise à l'abri des œufs dans la bouche d'un des parents ; enfouissage des œufs dans les sédiments.
La fécondation est le plus souvent externe, les gamètes se mélangeant à proximité des deux poissons. Chez quelques poissons, la fécondation est interne, le mâle utilisant un organe intromittant pour déposer le spermedans le cloaquede la femelle. Il s'agit surtout des requins ovipares comme le requin dormeur cornu et des raies ovipares (comme Rajidae). Dans ce cas, le mâle possède deux ptérygopodes, mutations de la nageoire pelvienne.
Les jeunes poissons sortant de l'œuf sont appelés larves. Elles sont généralement peu formées, transportent une vésicule vitelline (ou sac vitellin) contenant leurs réserves nutritives et ont une apparence très différente des adultes. La période larvaire des poissons ovipares est généralement courte (quelques semaines), les larves grandissant rapidement tandis que leur structure et leur apparence change (la métamorphose) pour ressembler aux jeunes de leur espèce. Pendant cette période, les larves se nourrissent d'abord de leurs réserves puis du zooplancton ; ce processus dépend de la concentration en zooplancton et peut causer une forte mortalité parmi les larves.
Chez les poissons ovovivipares, les œufs restent dans le corps de la mère après fécondation interne. Chaque embryon se développe dans son œuf, sans utiliser de réserves nutritives de la mère, puis sort du corps de sa mère lors de l'éclosion. Parmi les poissons ovovivipares, on peut noter les guppys, les squatiniformes et les cœlacanthes.
Chez les poissons vivipares, la fécondation est aussi interne mais chaque embryon reçoit ses nutriments du corps de sa mère, et non des réserves de l'œuf. Les petits sont mis au monde par accouchement. Les poissons vivipares ont une structure similaire au placenta des mammifères, reliant le sang de la mère et celui de l'embryon. Parmi les poissons vivipares, on peut noter les Embiotocidae, les Goodeidae et les requins citrons. Les embryons de certains poissons vivipares ont un comportement appelé oophagie, lorsque l'embryon en développement mange les œufs produits par la mère. Ce comportement a été observé chez certains requins comme le requin mako ou le maraîche mais aussi chez d'autres poissons comme leNomorhamphus ebrardtii[17]. Le cannibalisme in utero est un comportement encore plus inhabituel, lorsque l'embryon le plus grand mange ses frères plus petits et plus faibles. Ce comportement a été observé chez des requins comme Carcharias taurus mais aussi avec des espèces comme Nomorhamphus ebrardtii[17].